基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)
1.字母:26個(gè)字母的大小寫
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
2.語音:元音的發(fā)音
五個(gè)元音字母:AEIOU
12個(gè)單元音:
前元音:[i:][?]/e/[æ]
中元音:[?:][?]
后元音:[ɑ:][?][?:][u:][?][?]
雙元音(8個(gè))
合口雙元音(5個(gè))[ai][ei][au][?u][?i]
集中雙元音(3個(gè))[i?][ε?][u?]
3.詞匯:詞匯量,近反義詞
4.句子:大小寫,標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)
語法知識(shí)
一.名詞:名詞單復(fù)數(shù),名詞的格
(一)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)
一般情況,直接加-s,如:book-books,bag-bags,cat-cats,bed-beds
以s.x.sh.ch結(jié)尾,加-es,如:bus-buses,box-boxes,brush-brushes,watch-watches
以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,變y為i,再加-es,如:family-families,strawberry-strawberries
以“f或fe”結(jié)尾,變f或fe為v,再加-es,如:knife-knives
不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù):
man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,policewoman-policewomen,mouse-mice
child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,fish-fish,people-people,Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese
不可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)就是原型:paper,juice,water,milk,rice,tea
(二)名詞的格
有生命的東西的名詞所有格:
a)單數(shù)后加’s如:Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt
b)以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’如:his friends’bags
c)不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)后加’s children’s shoes
并列名詞中,如果把’s加在較后一個(gè)名詞后,表示共有,如:
Tom and Mike’s car湯姆和邁克共有的小汽車
要表示所有物不是共有的,應(yīng)分別在并列名詞后加’s
Tom’s and Mike’s cars湯姆和麥克各自的小汽車
(2)表示無生命東西的名詞通常用“of+名詞”來表示所有關(guān)系:如:
a picture of the classroom a map of China
二.冠詞:不定冠詞,定冠詞種類:
(1)不定冠詞:a/an a unit/an uncle
元音開頭的可數(shù)名詞前用an:
an egg/an apple/an orange/an eraser/an answer/an ID card/an alarm clock/an actor/an actress/an e-mail/an address/an event/an example/an opera/an houran old man/an interesting book/an exciting sport/an action movie/an art lesson/
(2)定冠詞:the the egg the plane
2.用法:
定冠詞的用法:
特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk.
復(fù)述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater.The sweater is new.
談話雙方都知道的人或物:The boys aren’t at school.
在序數(shù)詞前:John’s birthday is February the second.
用于固定詞組中:in the morning/afternoon/evening
不用冠詞的情況:
專有名詞前:China is a big country.
名詞前有定語:this,that,my,your,some,any,no等:
This is my baseball.
復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人和事:Monkeys can’t swim.They are teachers.
在節(jié)日,日期,月份,季節(jié)前:Today is Christmas Day.It’s Sunday.
一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.
球類棋類運(yùn)動(dòng)前:They often play football after class.He plays chess at home.
*但樂器前要用定冠詞:I play the guitar very well.
學(xué)科名稱前:My favorite subject is music.
在稱呼或頭銜的名詞前:This is Mr Li.
固定詞組中:at noon at night by bus
三、代詞、形容詞、副詞
代詞:人稱代詞,物主代詞
人稱代詞物主代詞
主格賓格
較好
人稱單數(shù)I(我)memy(我的)
復(fù)數(shù)we(我們)usour(我們的)
第二
人稱單數(shù)you(你)youyour(你的)
復(fù)數(shù)you(你們)youyour(你們的)
第三
人稱單數(shù)he(他)himhis(他的)
she(她)herher(她的)
it(它)itits(它的)
復(fù)數(shù)they(他們/她們/它們)themtheir(他們的/她們的/它們的)
形容詞,副詞:比較級(jí),較
(一)、形容詞的比較級(jí)
1、形容詞比較級(jí)在句子中的運(yùn)用:兩個(gè)事物或人的比較用比較級(jí),比較級(jí)后面一般帶有單詞than。比較級(jí)前面可以用more,a little來修飾表示程度。than后的人稱代詞用主格(口語中可用賓格)。
2.形容詞加er的規(guī)則:
一般在詞尾加er;
以字母e結(jié)尾,加r;
以一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾,應(yīng)雙寫末尾的輔音字母,再加er;
以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,先把y變i,再加er。
3.不規(guī)則形容詞比較級(jí):
good-better,beautiful-more beautiful
(二)副詞的比較級(jí)
1.形容詞與副詞的區(qū)別(有be用形,有形用be;有動(dòng)用副,有副用動(dòng))
⑴在句子中形容詞一般處于名詞之前或be動(dòng)詞之后
?、聘痹~在句子中較常見的是處于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之后
2.副詞比較級(jí)的變化規(guī)則基本與形容詞比較級(jí)相同(不規(guī)則變化:well-better,far-farther)
四、數(shù)詞:基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞
(1)1-20
one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty
(2)21-99先說“幾十”,再說“幾”,中間加連字符。
23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one
(3)101—999先說“幾百”,再加and,再加末兩位數(shù)或末位數(shù);
586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three
(4)l,000以上,先從右往左數(shù),每三位數(shù)加一個(gè)“,”,較好個(gè)“,”前為thousand.第二個(gè)“,”前為million,第三個(gè)“,”前為billion
1,001→one thousand and one
18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three
6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine
750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion
序數(shù)詞
(1)一般在基數(shù)詞后加th
eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth
(2)不規(guī)則變化
one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth
(3)以y結(jié)尾的十位整數(shù),變y為ie再加th
twenty→twentieth,forty→fortieth,ninety→ninetieth
(4)從二十一后的“幾十幾”直至“幾百幾十幾”或“幾千幾百幾十幾”只將個(gè)位的基數(shù)詞變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞。
twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth
基數(shù)詞轉(zhuǎn)為序數(shù)詞的口訣:
基變序,有規(guī)律,詞尾加上-th.
一,二,三,特殊記,詞尾字母t,d,d.
八去t,九去e,ve要用f替。
ty將y變成i,th前面有個(gè)e.
若是碰到幾十幾,前用基來后用序。
五、介詞:常用介詞:in,on,at,behind等
1.at表示時(shí)間概念的某一個(gè)點(diǎn)。(在某時(shí)刻、時(shí)間、階段等)。
at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一點(diǎn)鐘(黎明、午夜、中午)
2.on
1)表示具體日期。
注:(1)關(guān)于"在周末"的幾種表示法:
at(on)the weekend在周末---特指
at(on)weekends在周末---泛指
over the weekend在整個(gè)周末
during the weekend在周末期間
(2)在圣誕節(jié),應(yīng)說at Christmas?而不說on Christmas?
2)在(剛……)的時(shí)候。
On reaching the city he called up his parents.
一到城里他就給父母打了一個(gè)電話。
3.in
1)表示"時(shí)段"、"時(shí)期",在多數(shù)情況下可以和during互換,前者強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)比,后者強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)。in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世紀(jì))
六、動(dòng)詞:動(dòng)詞的四種時(shí)態(tài):
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成
1.be動(dòng)詞:主語+be(am,is,are)+其它。如:I am a boy.我是一個(gè)男孩。
2.行為動(dòng)詞:主語+行為動(dòng)詞(+其它)。如:We study English.我們學(xué)習(xí)英語。
當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)(he,she,it)時(shí),要在動(dòng)詞后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語。
動(dòng)詞+s的變化規(guī)則
1.一般情況下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks,milk-milks
2.以s.x.sh.ch.o結(jié)尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses,wash-washes,watch-watches,go-goes
3.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,變y為i,再加-es,如:study-studies
(2)一般過去時(shí):
動(dòng)詞過去式詳解動(dòng)詞的過去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則有:
A、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞
①一般直接在動(dòng)詞的后面加ed:如worked,learned,cleaned,visited
?、谝詄結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞直接加d:如lived,danced,used
?、垡暂o音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞要改y為i再加ed(此類動(dòng)詞較少)如study–studied carry–carried worry–worried(注意play、stay不是輔音字母加y,所以不屬于此類)
?、茈p寫較后一個(gè)字母(此類動(dòng)詞較少)如stopped
B、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞(此類詞并無規(guī)則,須熟記)階段要記住以下動(dòng)詞的原形和過去式:
sing–sang,eat–ate,
see–saw,have–had,do–did,go–went,take–took,buy–bought,get–got,read–read,fly–flew,am/is–was,
are–were,say–said,leave–left,swim–swam,tell–told,draw–drew,come–came,lose–lost,find–found,drink–drank,hurt–hurt,feel–felt
(3)一般將來時(shí):
基本結(jié)構(gòu):
?、賐e going to+do;
②will+do.be going to=will
I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天).=I will go swimming tomorrow.
(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):am,is,are+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞
動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞詳解動(dòng)詞的ing形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則:
?、僖话愕闹苯釉诤竺婕由蟟ng,如doing,going,working,singing,eating
②以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,要先去e再加ing,如having,writing
?、垭p寫較后一個(gè)字母的(此類動(dòng)詞極少)有:running,swimming,sitting,getting
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